To develop and demonstrate the sustainable agroforestry systems adaptable in upland areas of Chinese Taipei.

To develop at least two different agroforestry management systems to cope with different demands of crop cultivation and tree planting.

To demonstrate the ability of these systems in preventing the destructive landslides and massive surface erosions on cultivated uplands.

To develop the criteria and indicators for evaluating the sustainability of such agroforestry management systems.

To encourage the communities of mountain villages to participate in the development of new agroforestry systems and take part in the dissemination of new technologies. Two technical teams from upland villages will be fostered.

At least two agroforestry management systems alongside the criteria and indicators for evaluating the sustainability of such agroforestry management systems developed.

Three demonstration areas for verifying these agroforestry systems' soil and water conservation ability set up.

Three technical teams to be organized by farmers of village communities in uplands for technology dissemination established.

1. Agroforestry for Livelihoods and Ecosystem Stability: The project demonstrated that agroforestry can balance agricultural livelihoods with ecosystem stability in upland villages of Chinese Taipei. It reduces land degradation, improves resource efficiency, and enhances carbon sequestration, with Stout camphor trees estimated to sequester 147 tons of CO₂ per hectare over 15 years.

2. Stakeholder Collaboration and Industry Engagement: Successful cooperation among researchers, farmers, communities, and industries led to sustainable study sites. Enterprises showed interest in specific forest products, such as Cinnamomum kanehirae, with contracts guaranteeing timber purchases, motivating farmers to maintain plantations.

3. Knowledge Dissemination and Capacity Building: Eight seminars and workshops at TFRI and upland villages helped spread sustainable agroforestry concepts. Site visits, such as in Kalala village, demonstrated how agroforestry integrates with traditional agriculture, making adoption easier.

4. Environmental Benefits: Reduced Runoff and Soil Erosion: Monitoring data showed that agroforestry reduced surface runoff and soil erosion, keeping rates below Taiwan’s national average (5.2 mm/year). Tree planting in agroforestry systems increases evaporation, reducing soil degradation.

5. Long-term Economic Benefits for Farmers: Farmers earn income from crops like tea and betel nut while waiting for additional revenue from planted trees. With proper management, they can profit from leaves (e.g., Cinnamomum osmophloeum) or timber sales in the future, ensuring sustainable livelihoods.

6. Policy Contributions and Future Research Needs: The project results provide a foundation for agroforestry policy development in Chinese Taipei. Further research on upland agroforestry is needed to guide future policymaking and optimize long-term benefits.